References

AACEi (Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering International). Schedule and Cost Reserves within the Framework of ANSI EIA-748. Morgantown, WV.: October 24, 2014.

Abba, Wayne. Contracting for Earned Value Management. Falls Church, Va.: Abba Consulting, January 13, 2007.

——. “Earned Value Management from Government Contracts to the Project Management Universe.” Presented at the 19th IPMA World Congress, New Delhi, India, November 13-16, 2005.

———. Earned Value Management: The Good, the Bad, and the Really Ugly. Falls Church, Va.: Abba Consulting, December 21, 2004.

———. How Earned Value Got to Primetime: A Short Look Back and A Glance Ahead. Reston, Va.: Dekker, 2000.

———. Understanding Program Resource Management through Earned Value Analysis. Falls Church, Va.: Abba Consulting, June 2006.

Agrawal, Raj. Overcoming Software Estimation Challenges. McLean, Va.: MITRE, May 22, 2007.

Albert, Neil F. Cost Estimating: The Starting Point of Earned Value Management. McLean, Va.: MCR, June 2005.

———. Developing a Work Breakdown Structure. McLean, Va.: MCR, June 16, 2005.

Anderlohr, George, “What Production Breaks Cost,” Industrial Engineering. September 1969. 34-36.

Anderson, Mark, and David Nelson. “Developing an Averaged Estimate at Completion (EAC) Utilizing Program Performance Factors and Maturity.” Arlington, Va.: Tecolote Research, June 14-17, 2005.

Anderson, Timothy P. “The Trouble with Budgeting to the 80th Percentile.” Washington, DC.: The Aerospace Corporation, November 15, 2006.

Barrett, Bruce E., Jack E. Matson, and Joseph M. Mellichamp. Software Development Cost Estimation Using Function Points. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama, April 1994.

Black, Hollis M. “Impact of Cost Risk Analysis on Business Decisions.” Huntsville, Ala.: Boeing, June 14-17, 2005.

Boatwright, Tim. Earned Value Management System Acceptance and Surveillance. Booz Allen Hamilton: March 30, 2006.

Boden, Dave, and others. Interfacing Risk and Earned Value Management. Buckinghamshire, Eng.: Association for Project Management, 2008.

Bolinger, Paul. “Schedule Analysis of the Integrated Master Schedule.” Orange, Cal: Humphreys & Associates, May 2008.

Bone, Lauren, and Val Jonas. “Interfacing Earned Value and Risk Management.” PMI-CPM 24th Annual International Conference Proceedings, Clearwater Beach, Fla, May 14-16, 2008.

Book, Stephen A. Do Not Sum Most Likely Costs. McLean, Va.: MCR, Apr. 30, 2002.

———. Issues Associated with Basing Decisions on Schedule Variance in an Earned Value Management System. McLean, Va.: MCR, 2003.

———. The Program Schedule Network and Its Critical Path. McLean, Va.: MCR, August. 26, 2005.

———. Risks in Costing Software. McLean, Va.: MCR, August. 26, 2005.

———. “Schedule Risk Analysis: Why It Is Important and How to Do It”. McLean, Va.: MCR, June 14-17, 2005.

———. The Schedule Risk Imperative and How to Deal with It. McLean, Va.: MCR, August. 26, 2005.

———. What Is Cost Risk Analysis. McLean, Va.: MCR, August. 26, 2005.

———. What Earned Value Data Tells Us about Schedule Progress. McLean, Va.: MCR, August. 26, 2005.

Brophy, Brian A., and Greg Hogan. How to Get the Data and Ready It for Analysis. Chantilly, Va.: Northrop Grumman, The Analytical Sciences Corporation, 2005.

Buchholz, Mark, Shaw Cohe, and Robert Tomasetti. Earned Value Management: Moving Toward Governmentwide Implementation. Arlington, Va.: Acquisition Directions Advisory, August 2005.

Cargill, John. Decision Support for the Program Manager. Eglin Air Force Base, Fla.: Air Force Cost Analysis Agency, n.d.———. Forecasting the Future with EVMS. Eglin Air Force Base, Fla.: Air Force Cost Analysis Agency, n.d.

Carroll, Ed. Software Estimating Based on Use Case Points. Beaverton, Ore.: Agilis Solutions, June 2005.

CAIWG (Civilian Agencies and Industry Working Group). Guide to Earned Value Management Scalability for Non-Major Acquisition Implementations. Washington, D.C.: March 2015.

Christensen, David S. The Costs and Benefits of the Earned Value Management Process. Pensacola: University of West Florida, June 1998.

———. Determining an Accurate Estimate at Completion. Cedar City: Southern Utah University, 1993.

———. Using the Earned Value Cost Management Report to Evaluate the Contractor’s Estimate at Completion. Cedar City: Southern Utah University, 1999.

———, and Carl Templin. An Analysis of Management Reserve Budget on Defense Acquisition Contracts. Cedar City: Southern Utah University, 2000.

———, and others. A Review of the Estimate at Completion Research. Cedar City: Southern Utah University, 1995.

Chvotkin, Alan, and Harris N. Miller. “Response to FAR Case 2004-019: Earned Value Management Systems, 70 Fed. Reg. 17945 (April 8, 2005).” Washington, D.C.: Information Technology Association of America and Professional Services Council, June 7, 2005.

Coleman, Richard L., and others. Monte Carlo Techniques for Risk Management. Chantilly, Va.: Northrop Grumman, The Analytical Sciences Corp., June 2008.

———, and Jessica R. Summerville. Advanced Cost Risk. Chantilly, Va.: Northrop Grumman, The Analytical Sciences Corp., June 16, 2005.

———. Basic Cost Risk. Chantilly, Va.: Northrop Grumman, The Analytical Sciences Corp., June 15, 2005.

———, and Shishu S. Gupta. Two Timely Short Topics: Independence and Cost Realism. Chantilly, Va.: Northrop Grumman, Analytical Sciences Corp., and Intelligence Community Cost Analysis Improvement Group, June 16, 2005.

Comptroller General of the United States. Government Auditing Standards: January 2007 Revision, GAO-07-162G. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Accountability Office, January 2007.

———. Theory and Practice of Cost Estimating for Major Acquisitions, B-163058. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Accountability Office, July 24, 1972.

Cooper, L. Sue. “Basic Schedule Development and Analysis.” Seal Beach, Calif.: Boeing, June 14-17, 2005.

Corrigan, Patricia. Capital Programming, Earned Value, and the Federal Acquisition Community. Washington, D.C.: Office of Federal Procurement Policy, Office of Management and Budget, April 2007.

DAU (Defense Acquisition University). Business, Cost Estimating, and Financial Management Training Requirements. Fort Belvoir, Va.: n.d.

———. Cost Estimating Methodologies. Fort Belvoir, Va.: April 2004.

———. Defense Acquisition Acronyms and Terms. Fort Belvoir, Va.: July 2005.

———. Defense Acquisition Guidebook. Fort Belvoir, Va.: July 24, 2006.

———. Introduction to Cost Analysis. Fort Belvoir, Va.: April 2004.

———. Unit and Cumulative Average Formulations. Fort Belvoir, Va.: February. 20, 2004.

DCAA (Defense Contract Audit Agency). DCAA Contract Audit Manual. Fort Belvoir, Va.: January 2012.

DCARC (Defense Cost and Resource Center). Automated Information System Enterprise Resource Planning Work Breakdown Structure. Arlington, Va.: n.d.

———. Automated Information System Enterprise Resource Planning Work Breakdown Structure Dictionary. Arlington, Va.: n.d.

DCMA (Defense Contract Management Agency). About the Defense Contract Management Agency. Alexandria, Va.: n.d.

———. Earned Value Management System Compliance Reviews, DCMA-INST 208. Washington, D.C.: Change 1, March 7, 2017.

———. Earned Value Management System Program Support Analysis and Reporting, DCMA-M 3101-02. Washington, D.C.: November 2017.

———. Earned Value Management System Standard Surveillance Instruction. Washington, D.C.: November 2016.

———. Earned Value Management System Standard Surveillance Operating Manual. Washington, D.C.: January 2008.

———. Earned Value Management System Standard Surveillance, DCMA-INST 210. Washington, D.C.: November 8, 2016.

———. Earned Value Management System Standard System Surveillance. Washington, D.C.: May 14, 2008.

———. Instruction 2303 Surveillance, Contractor Effectiveness Capability. Washington, D.C.: November 5, 2018.

———. Software Acquisition Management. Washington, D.C.: June 2013.

Dean, Joe. Practical Software and Systems Measurement: Objective Information for Decision Makers. Boston, Mass.: Tecolote Research, June 2005.

Dechoretz, Jason. Technical Baselines. McLean, Va.: MCR, June 2005.

Defense Economic Analysis Council. Economic Analysis Handbook. Monterey, Calif.: September 1997.

Dello Russo, Francis M., Paul R. Garvey, and Neal D. Hulkower. Cost Analysis. Bedford, Mass.: MITRE, 1998.

DHS (Department of Homeland Security). Capital Planning and Investment Control. Washington, D.C.: February. 4, 2016.

———. Acquisition Management Directive. Washington, D.C.: July 28, 2015.

DOD (Department of Defense). Agile and Earned Value Management: A Program Manager’s Desk Guide. Washington, D.C.: April 16, 2018.

———. Automated Information System Economic Analysis Guide. Washington, D.C.: May 1, 1995.

———. Contract Pricing Reference Guide. Washington, D.C.: 2002.

———. Contractor Cost and Software Data Reporting. Washington, D.C.: June 8, 2007.

———. Cost Analysis Guidance and Procedures, DOD 5000.4-M. Washington, D.C.: December, 1992.

———. Cost and Software Data Reporting (CSDR) Manual DOD 5000.04-M-1. Washington, D.C.: November 4, 2011

.———. Data Item Description, Contract Performance Report (CPR), DI-MGMT-81466A. Washington, D.C.: Approval Date, March 30, 2005.

———. Data Item Description, Integrated Program Management Report (IPMR), DI-MGMT-81861A. Washington, D.C.: Approval Date, September 16, 2015

———. Directive 5105.64. Washington, D.C.: January 10, 2013.

———. Earned Value Management Acquisition, Analytics and Policy. Washington, D.C.: n.d.

———. Earned Value Management Glossary of Terms. Washington, D.C.: n.d.

———. Earned Value Management Implementation Guide. Washington, D.C.: January. 18, 2019

———. Earned Value Management Roles and Responsibilities. Washington, D.C.: June 15, 2018

———. Earned Value Management System Interpretation Guide. Washington, D.C.: February 18, 2015.

———. Economic Analysis for Decision-making, DOD 7041.3. Washington, D.C.: October 2, 2017.

———. Enterprise Resource Planning Information. Washington, D.C.: April 20, 2006.

———. Inflation and Escalation Best Practices for Cost Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Jan. 2017.

———. Inflation Handbook 2nd Edition. Washington, D.C.: June 2011.

———. Instruction DODI-5000.73, Washington, D.C: October 2, 2017.

———. Instructional Systems Development/Systems Approach to Training and Education, MIL-HDBK-29612-2A. Washington, D.C.: August 31, 2001.

———. Integrated Master Plan and Integrated Master Schedule Preparation and Use Guide. Washington, D.C.: October 21, 2005.

———. Integrated Master Schedule Data Item Description. Washington, D.C.: March 30, 2005.

———. Integrated Program Management Report Implementation Guide. Washington, D.C.: February 5, 2016.

———. Integrated Project Management/Earned Value Management Handbook. Washington, D.C.: February 13, 2013.

———. Operating and Support Cost-Estimating Guide. Washington, D.C.: March 2014.

———. Operation of the Defense Acquisition System, DOD Instruction 5000.02. Washington, D.C.: January 7, 2015.

———. Operation of the Defense Acquisition System, DOD Instruction 5000.02T. Washington, D.C.: January 23, 2020.

———. Over Target Baseline and Over Target Schedule. Washington, D.C.: December 5, 2012.

———. The Defense Acquisition System, DOD Directive 5000.01. Washington, D.C.: Certified Current as of August 31, 2018.

———. The Program Manager’s Guide to the Integrated Baseline Review Process. Washington, D.C.: June 2003.

———. Risk Management Guide for DOD Acquisition, 6th ed., version 1.0. Washington, D.C.: August 2006.

———. “Single Point Adjustments.” Memorandum from D. M. Altwegg, Business Management, Missile Defense Agency, to Missile Defense Agency Program Divisions, Washington, D.C., December 8, 2005.

———. “Software Acquisition Gold Practice: Track Earned Value”. Washington, D.C.: Data Analysis Center for Software, December. 12, 2002.

———. Software Resources Data Report Manual, DOD 5000.4-M-2. Washington, D.C.: February. 2, 2004.

———. Use of Earned Value Management in DOD. Washington, D.C. July 3, 2007

———. Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, MIL-HDBK-881A. Washington, D.C.: July 30, 2005.

———. Work Breakdown Structures for Defense Materiel Items, MIL-HDBK-881D. Washington, D.C.: April 9, 2018.

———, General Services Administration, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Major System Acquisition, 48 C.F.R. part 34, Earned Value Management System, subpart 34.2, added by Federal Acquisition Circular 2005-11, July 5, 2006, as Item I—Earned Value Management System (EVMS) (FAR Case 2004-019).

DOE (Department of Energy). Cost Estimating Guide, DOE G 413.3-21A. Washington, D.C.: June 6, 2018.

———. Earned Value Interpretation Handbook. Washington, D.C.: September 30, 2015.

———. Earned Value Management System, DOE G 413.3-10A. Washington, D.C.: October 22, 2015.

———. Earned Value Management System Project Analysis Standard Operating Procedure. Washington, D.C.: March 12, 2014.

———. Earned Value Management System Surveillance Standard Operating Procedure. Washington, D.C.: September 30, 2013.

———. Program and Project Management for the Acquisitions of Capital Assets, DOE 413.3B. Washington, D.C.: April 12, 2018.

DON (Department of Navy). Navy Cost Analysis Division. Cost Analysis 101. Arlington, Va.: n.d.

———. Navy Cost Analysis Division. Documentation Guide. Washington, D.C.: February. 3, 2004.

———. Navy Cost Analysis Division. Methods and Models for Life-cycle Cost Analysis in the U.S. Department of Defense. Arlington, Va.: May 25-26, 2004.

———. SUPSHIP Operations Manual. Washington, D.C.: March 1, 2016.

———. United States Naval Center for Cost Analysis. Software Development Estimating Handbook. Arlington, Va.: February 1998.

Driessnack, John D. Using Earned Value Data. Arlington, Va.: MCR, June 2005.

———, and Neal D. Hulkower. Linking Cost and Earned Value Analysis. Arlington, Va.: MCR, June 2005.

Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development. Probabilistic Contingency Estimation. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government, May 2017.

Druker, Eric, Christina Kanick, and Richard Coleman. The Challenges of (and Solutions for) Estimating Percentiles of Cost. Arlington, Va.: Northrop Grumman, August 11, 2008.

FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). Earned Value Management Guide. Washington, D.C.: July 2016.

———. Earned Value Management System Acceptance Guide. Washington, D.C.: April 2017.

———. Investment Analysis Standards and Guidelines: FAA Standard Cost Estimation Guidelines, version 1.0. Washington, D.C.: April 2003.

———. Program Performance Surveillance Guide. Washington, D.C.: March 2012.

———. Program-Level Integrated Baseline Review Guide Performance Version 2.0. Washington, D.C.: January 2013.

Federal Register. “Rules and Regulations, vol. 73, no. 79”. Washington, D.C.: Apr. 23, 2008.

Ferens, Dan. Commercial Software Models. Vienna, Va.: International Society of Parametric Analysis, June 2005.

Fleming, Quentin W. Earned Value Management (EVM) Light . . . But Adequate for All Projects. Tustin, Calif.: Primavera Systems, November 2006.

———, and Joel M. Koppelman. “The Earned Value Body of Knowledge.” Presented at the 30th Annual Project Management Institute Symposium, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 10-16, 1999.

———. Performance Based Payments. Tustin, Calif.: Primavera Systems, November 2007.

Flett, Frank. “Organizing and Planning the Estimate”. McLean, Va.: MCR, June 12-14, 2005.

Galorath, Daniel D. Overcoming Cultural Obstacles to Managing Risk. El Segundo, Calif.: Galorath Inc., 2007.

———. Software Estimation Handbook. El Segundo, Calif.: Galorath Inc., n.d.

———. Software Projects on Time and Within Budget: The Power of Parametrics. El Segundo, Calif.: Galorath Inc., n.d.

———. Software Total Ownership Cost Development Is Only Job 1. El Segundo, Calif.: Galorath Inc., 2008.

GAO. 21st Century Challenges: Reexamining the Base of the Federal Government, GAO-05-325SP. Washington, D.C.: February 2005.

GAO. 2020 Census: Census Bureau Improved the Quality of Its Cost Estimation but Additional Steps Are Needed to Ensue Reliability, GAO-18-635. Washington, D.C.: August 17, 2018.

GAO. 2020 Census: Key Challenges Need to Be Addressed to Successful Enable Internet Response, GAO-15-225. Washington, D.C.: February 5, 2015.

GAO. 2020 Census: Census Bureau Needs to Improve Its Life-Cycle Cost Estimating Process, GAO-16-628. Washington, D.C.: June 30, 2016.

GAO. Airborne Laser: Uncertainties Remain Concerning the Airborne Laser’s Cost and Military Utility, GAO-04-643R. Washington, D.C.: March 17, 2004.

GAO. Air Traffic Control: FAA Uses Earned Value Techniques to Help Manage Information Technology Acquisitions, but Needs to Clarify Policy and Strengthen Oversight, GAO-08-756. Washington, D.C.: July 18, 2008.

GAO. Amphibious Combat Vehicle: Some Acquisition Activities Demonstrate Best Practices; Attainment of Amphibious Capability to be Determined, GAO-16-22. Washington, D.C.: October 28, 2015.

GAO. Assessing the Reliability of Computer-Processed Data, GAO-09-680G. Washington, D.C.: February 18, 2009. GAO. Aviation Security: Systematic Planning Needed to Optimize the Deployment of Checked Baggage Screening Systems, GAO 05 365. Washington, D.C.: March 15, 2005.

GAO. Best Practices: Better Acquisition Outcomes Are Possible If DOD Can Apply Lessons from the F/A-22 Program, GAO-03-645T. Washington, D.C.: April 11, 2003.

GAO. Best Practices: Better Management of Technology Development Can Improve Weapon System Outcomes, GAO/NSIAD-99-162. Washington, D.C.: August. 16, 1999.

GAO. Best Practices: Successful Application to Weapon Acquisitions Requires Changes in DOD’s Environment, GAO/NSIAD-98-56. Washington, D.C.: February 24, 1998.

GAO. Chemical Demilitarization: Actions Needed to Improve the Reliability of the Army’s Cost Comparison Analysis for Treatment and Disposal Options for Newport’s VX Hydrolysate, GAO-07-240R. Washington, D.C.: January. 26, 2007.

GAO. Coast Guard Acquisitions: Polar Icebreaker Program Needs to Address Risks before Committing Resources, GAO-18-600. Washington, D.C.: September 4, 2018.

GAO. Coast Guard: Legacy Vessels’ Declining Conditions Reinforce Need for More Realistic Operational Targets, GAO-12-741. Washington, D.C.: July 31, 2012.

GAO. Columbia Class Submarine: Overly Optimistic Cost Estimate Will Likely Lead to Budget Increases, GAO-19-497. Washington, D.C.: April 8, 2019.

GAO. Columbia Class Submarine: Immature Technologies Present Risks to Achieving Cost, Schedule, and Performance Goals, GAO-18-158. Washington, D.C.: December 21, 2017.

GAO. Combat Nuclear Smuggling: DHS Has Made Progress Deploying Radiation Detection Equipment at U.S. Ports of Entry, but Concerns Remain, GAO-06-389. Washington, D.C.: Mar. 22, 2006.

GAO. Combat Nuclear Smuggling: DHS’s Cost-Benefit Analysis to Support the Purchase of New Radiation Detection Portal Monitors Was Not Based on Available Performance Data and Did Not Fully Evaluate All the Monitors’ Costs and Benefits, GAO-07-133R. Washington, D.C.: Oct. 17, 2006.

GAO. Cooperative Threat Reduction: DOD Needs More Reliable Data to Better Estimate the Cost and Schedule of the Shchuch’ye Facility, GAO-06-692. Washington, D.C.: May 31, 2006.

GAO. Customs Services Modernization: Serious Management and Technical Weaknesses Must Be Corrected, GAO/AIMD-99-41. Washington, D.C.: February 26, 1999.

GAO. Defense Acquisitions: Assessments of Selected Major Weapon Programs, GAO-06-391. Washington, D.C.: March 31, 2006.

GAO. Defense Acquisitions: Improved Management Practices Could Help Minimize Cost Growth in Navy Shipbuilding Programs, GAO-05-183. Washington, D.C.: February 28, 2005.

GAO. Defense Acquisitions: Information for Congress on Performance of Major Programs Can Be More Complete, Timely, and Accessible, GAO-05-182. Washington, D.C.: March 28, 2005.

GAO. Defense Acquisition: A Knowledge-Based Funding Approach Could Improve Weapon System Program Outcomes, GAO-08-619. Washington, D.C.: June 2008.

GAO. Defense Acquisitions: Missile Defense Agency Fields Initial Capability but Falls Short of Original Goals, GAO-06-327. Washington, D.C.: March 15, 2006.

GAO. DOD Systems Modernization: Planned Investment in the Navy Tactical Command Support System Needs to Be Addressed, GAO-06-215. Washington, D.C.: December 5, 2005.

GAO. Defense Management: Further Analysis Needed to Identify Guam’s Public Infrastructure Requirements and Costs for DOD’s Realignment Plan, GAO-14-82. Washington, D.C.: December 17, 2013.

GAO. F-35 Sustainment: DOD Needs a Plan to Address Risks Related to Its Central Logistics System, GAO-16-439. Washington, D.C.: April 14, 2016.

GAO. Ford-Class Aircraft Carrier: Follow-On Ships Need More Frequent and Accurate Cost Estimates to Avoid Pitfalls of Lead Ship, GAO-17-575. Washington, D.C.: June 13, 2017.

GAO. Federal Real Property: DHS and GSA Need to Strengthen the Management of DHS Headquarters Consolidation, GAO-14-648. Washington, D.C.: September 19, 2014.

GAO. GAO’s High Risk Program, GAO-06-497T. Washington, D.C.: March 15, 2006.

GAO. Global Hawk Unit Cost Increases, GAO-06-222R. Washington, D.C.: December 15, 2005.

GAO. A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process, GAO-05-734SP. Washington, D.C.: September 2005.

GAO. Government Auditing Standards 2018 Revision, GAO-18-568G. Washington, D.C.: July 2018.

GAO. Homeland Security: Recommendations to Improve Management of Key Border Security Program Need to Be Implemented, GAO-06-296. Washington, D.C.: Feb. 14, 2006.

GAO. Information Technology: Agencies Need to Improve the Accuracy and Reliability of Investment Information, GAO-06-250. Washington, D.C.: Jan. 12, 2006.

GAO. Information Technology: HUD Needs to Address Significant Weaknesses in Its Cost Estimating Practices, GAO-17-281. Washington, D.C.: February 7, 2017.

GAO. James Webb Telescope, Project on Track but May Benefit from Improved Contractor Data to Better Understand Costs, GAO-16-112. Washington, D.C.: December 1, 2015.

GAO. Joint Intelligence Analysis Complex: DOD Needs to Fully Incorporate Best Practices into Future Cost Estimates, GAO-17-29. Washington, D.C.: November 3, 2016.

GAO. Joint Strike Fighter: Restructuring Places Program on Firmer Footing, but Progress Still Lags, GAO-11-325. Washington, D.C.: April 7, 2011.

GAO. Major Acquisitions: Significant Changes Underway in DOD’s Earned Value Management Process, GAO/NSIAD-97-108. Washington, D.C.: May 5, 1997.

GAO. Maximizing the Success of Chief Information Officers, GAO-01-376G. Washington, D.C.: February 1, 2001.

GAO. NASA: Lack of Disciplined Cost Estimating Processes Hinders Effective Program Management, GAO-04-642. Washington, D.C.: May 28, 2004.

GAO. NASA: Earned Value Management Implementation across Major Spaceflight Projects is Uneven, GAO-13-22. Washington, D.C.: November 19, 2012.

GAO. National Airspace System: Better Cost Data Could Improve FAA’s Management of the Standard Terminal Automation System, GAO-03-343. Washington, D.C.: January. 31, 2003.

GAO. Nuclear Waste Cleanup: DOE Could Improve Program and Project Management by Better Classifying Work and Following Leading Practices, GAO-19-223. Washington, D.C.: February 19, 2019.

GAO. Plutonium Disposition Program: DOE Needs to Analyze the Root Causes of Cost Increases and Develop Better Cost Estimates, GAO-14-231. Washington, D.C.: February 13, 2014.

GAO. Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites: Cost Increases Trigger Review and Place Program’s Direction on Hold, GAO-06-573T. Washington, D.C.: March 30, 2006.

GAO. Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites: Information on Program Cost and Schedule Changes, GAO-04-1054. Washington, D.C.: September 30, 2004.

GAO. Project and Program Management: DOE Needs to Revise Requirements and Guidance for Cost Estimating and Related Reviews, GAO-15-29. Washington, D.C.: November 25, 2014.

GAO. Schedule Assessment Guide: Best Practices for Project Schedules, GAO-16-89G. Washington, D.C.: December 22, 2015.

GAO. Service Contracts: Agencies Should Take Steps to More Effectively Use Independent Government Cost Estimates, GAO-17-398. Washington, D.C.: May 17, 2017.

GAO. Space Acquisitions: DOD Needs to Take More Action to Address Unrealistic Initial Cost Estimates of Space Systems, GAO-07-96. Washington, D.C.: November 17, 2006.

GAO. Space Launch System: Management Tools Should Better Track to Cost and Schedule Commitments to Adequately Monitor Increasing Risk, GAO-15-596. Washington, D.C.: July 16, 2015.

GAO. Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government: Exposure Draft, GAO/AIMD-98-21.3.1. Washington, D.C.: December 1, 1997.

GAO. Telecommunications: GSA Has Accumulated Adequate Funding for Transition to New Contracts but Needs Cost Estimation Policy, GAO-07-268. Washington, D.C.: February 23, 2007.

GAO. Theory and Practice of Cost Estimating for Major Acquisitions, B-163058. Washington, D.C.: July 24, 1972.

GAO. Uncertainties Remain Concerning the Airborne Laser’s Cost and Military Utility, GAO-04-643R. Washington, D.C.: May 17, 2004.

GAO. United States Coast Guard: Improvements Needed in Management and Oversight of Rescue System Acquisition, GAO-06-623. Washington, D.C.: May 31, 2006.

GAO. VA Construction: Management of Minor Construction and Non-Recurring Maintenance Programs Could Be Improved, GAO-18-479. Washington, D.C.: July 31, 2018.

Garvey, Paul R. Cost Risk Analysis without Statistics. McLean, Va.: MITRE, February, 2005.

Geiser, Todd A., and David Schaar. “Tackling Cost Challenges of Net Centric Warfare,” pp. 4083-92. In 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, vol. 6. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Big Sky, Mt.: March 6-13, 2004.

Gillam, Dale E. “Evaluating Earned Value Management and Earned Value Management Systems Using OMB’s Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART).” The Measurable News, Spring 2005, pp. 1-7.

Gordon, Creaghe. “The Importance of Reserves and Budget Distribution in Achieving Budget Requirements.” Flying High, 1st Quarter, 2006, pp. 6-8.

———, and George Rosenthal. Proposal for Combining Risk and Earned Value Management. Los Gatos, Calif.: n.p., n.d.

Groves, Angela, and Karen McRitchie. Better Software Estimates Using SEER-SEM. El Segundo, Calif.: Galorath Associates, n.d.

GSA (General Service Administration). Project Estimating Requirements. Washington, D.C.: January 2007.

———. Public Buildings Service Cost and Schedule Management Policy Requirements. Washington, D.C.: August 4, 2016.

Harris, Michael D. S., David Herron, and Stasia Iwanicki. The Business Value of IT: Managing Risks, Optimizing Performance, and Measuring Results. Boca Raton, Fla.: Auerbach Publications, 2008.

Haugan, Gregory T. The Work Breakdown Structure in Government Contracting. Vienna, Va.: Management Concepts, 2008.

———. Work Breakdown Structures for Projects, Programs, and Enterprises. Vienna, Va.: Management Concepts, 2008.

HHS (Department of Health and Human Services). DHHS Project Officers’ Contracting Handbook. Washington, D.C.: January 23, 2003.

———. Acquisition Regulation. Washington, D.C.: December 18, 2015.

Higdon, Greg, Lew Fichter, and Alfred Smith. Cost Uncertainty Analysis: Observations from the Field. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Tecolote Research, April 2008.

Hohmann, Timothy J. Estimating Software Size: Impact and Methodologies. El Segundo, Calif.: Galorath Associates, 1997.

Hulett, David T. Advanced Quantitative Schedule Risk Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Hulett and Associates, 2007.

———. Considering Corporate Culture in Project Risk Management Maturity Models. Washington, D.C.: Hulett and Associates, 2007.

———. Corporate Culture in Project Risk Management Maturity. Washington, D.C.: Hulett and Associates, 2008.

———. Integrated Cost-Schedule Risk Analysis. Gower Publishing. Burlington, VT. 2011

———. Integrated Cost and Schedule Risk Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Hulett and Associates, 2007.

———. Integrated Cost and Schedule Risk Analysis Using Risk Drivers, Washington, D.C.: Hulett and Associates, 2007.

———. Integrating Cost and Schedule Risk Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Hulett and Associates, n.d.

———. The Problem with Dangling Activities. Washington, D.C.: Hulett and Associates, 2007.

———. “Using Risk Analysis and Monte Carlo Simulation Techniques in Strategic Decisionmaking”. Washington, D.C.: Hulett and Associates, May 2-4, 2005.

———, and Waylon Whitehead. Using the Risk Register in Schedule Risk Analysis with Monte Carlo Simulation. Washington, D.C.: Hulett and Associates, 2007.

Humphreys, Gary, and Margo Visiticion. Mastering Program Management Fundamentals Critical for Successful EVM. Bala Cynwyd, Pa.: Primavera, n.d.

ICEAA (International Cost Estimating and Analysis). Cost Estimating Body of Knowledge. Vienna, Va.: 2013.

Ignemi, Joseph. Jumpstart Your Val IT™ Process. Mount Laurel, N.J.: PRICE Systems, August 6, 2008.

Intelligence Community Cost Analysis Improvement Group. Independent Cost Analysis Checklist, version 1.0. Washington, D.C.: December 16, 1999.

International Society of Parametric Analysts. Parametric Estimating Handbook, 4th ed. Vienna, Va.: 2008.

Johnson, Jim, and others. “Collaboration: Development and Management—Collaborating on Project Success.” Software Magazine, Sponsored Supplement, February-March 2001.

Joint Agency. Cost Schedule Risk and Uncertainty Handbook. Washington, D.C.: March 12, 2014.

Jones, Capers. What Are Function Points? Hendersonville, N.C.: Software Productivity Research, March 1995.

Kahneman, Daniel, and Dan Lovallo. “Delusions of Success: How Optimism Undermines Executives’ Decisions.” Harvard Business Review, July 2003.

Kratzert, Keith. Earned Value Management (EVM): The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Program Manager’s Flight Plan. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration, January 2006.

Kumley, Alissa C., and others. Integrating Risk Management and Earned Value Management: A Statistical Analysis of Survey Results. [Arlington, Va.]: National Defense Industrial Association, Program Management Systems Committee, n.d.

Lavdas, Evaggelos. Identifying the Characteristics of a Good Cost Estimate: A Survey. Cranfield, Bedfordshire, Eng.: Cranfield University, June 2006.

Lipke, Walter H. Independent Estimate at Completion: Another Method. Tinker Air Force Base, Okla.: October 2004.

Lorell, Mark A., Julia F. Lowell, and Obaid Younossi. Evolutionary Acquisition Implementation Challenges for Defense Space Programs. Arlington, Va.: RAND, 2006.

McRitchie, K., and S. Acelar. A Structured Framework for Estimating IT Projects and IT Support. Industry Hills, Ca: June 2008.

Majerowicz, Walt. “Schedule Analysis Techniques.” Integrated Performance Management Conference, n.p., November 2005.

Manzer, Frederick. Integrated Baseline Review: The Link from the Estimate to Project Execution. Vienna, Va.: Center for Systems Management, June 2005.

Martin, Kevin. Integrating Schedules and EV Metrics. KM Systems Group, Arlington, Va.: May 2008.

Melamed, Dan and Robert Loop. Cost and Schedule Reserves in a Project Baseline, an Owners and Contractor’s Perspective. Department of Energy. Washington, D.C.: 2014.

Minkiewicz, Arlene F. Estimating Software from Requirements. Mount Laurel, N.J.: PRICE Systems, n.d.

———. Measuring Object-Oriented Software with Predictive Object Points. Mount Laurel, N.J.: PRICE Systems, n.d.

Mislick, Gregory K. and Daniel A. Nussbaum. Cost Estimating: Methods and Tools. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Monterey, CA.: 2015.

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Cost Analysis Data Requirement. Washington, D.C.: March 22, 2005.

———. Cost Estimating Handbook. Washington, D.C.: February 2015.

———. Jet Propulsion Lab. Handbook for Software Cost Estimation. Pasadena, Calif.: May 30, 2003.

———. Office of Inspector General. NASA’s Challenges to Meeting Cost, Schedule, and Performance Goals. Washington, D.C.: September 27, 2012.

———. Procedural Requirements, NPR 7120.5C. Washington, D.C.: March 22, 2005. NAVAIR (Naval Air Systems Command). AIR 4.2 Life-cycle Cost Estimating Process. Washington, D.C.: October 1, 1999.

———. Integrated Project Management Training. Washington, D.C.: January 2004.

———. Methods and Models for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis in the U.S. Department of Defense. Washington, D.C.: May 26, 2004.

———. NAVAIR Acquisition Guide. Washington, D.C.: October 1, 2013.

———. Using Software Metrics and Measurements for Earned Value Toolkit. Washington, D.C.: October 2004.

NAVSEA (Naval Sea Systems Command). Cost Estimating Handbook. Washington, D.C.: 2005.

NDIA (National Defense Industrial Association). Integrated Program Management Division Guide to the Integrated Baseline Review Rev 2. Arlington, Va.: February 6, 2015.

———.Integrated Program Management Division. A Guide to Managing Programs Using Predictive Measures. Arlington, Va.: September 17, 2014.

———. Integrated Program Management Division. Earned Value Management System Acceptance Guide Rev 1. Arlington, Va.: March 24, 2013.

———. Integrated Program Management Division. Earned Value Management System Application Guide Rev 2. Arlington, Va.: January 27, 2015.

———. Integrated Program Management Division. Planning and Scheduling Excellence Guide. Arlington, Va.: March 9, 2016.

———.Integrating Risk Management with Earned Value Management. Arlington, Va.: June 2004.

———. Program Management Systems Committee. ANSI/EIA-748A Standard for Earned Value Management Systems Intent Guide. Arlington, Va.: January 2005.

———. Program Management Systems Committee. EIA-748D Standard for Earned Value Management Systems Intent Guide. Arlington, Va.: August 2015.

———. Program Management Systems Committee. Earned Value Management System Application Guide. Arlington, Va.: March 2007.

———. Program Management Systems Committee. Surveillance Guide Rev 3. Arlington, Va.: November 5, 2018.

NIH (National Institutes of Health). Cost Benefit Analysis Guide for NIH Information Technology Projects. Bethesda, Md.: April 1999.

NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). Engineering Statistics Handbook. Washington, D.C.: Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, July 18, 2006.

NSF (National Science Foundation). Large Facilities Manual. Washington, D.C.: March 2017.

OMB (Office of Management and Budget). Capital Programming Guide: Supplement to Circular A-11, Part 3, Overview of the Budget Process. Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the President, 2019.

———. Capital Programming Guide: Supplement to Circular A-11, Part 7, Preparation, Submission, and Execution of the Budget, Version 2.0. Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the President, 2019.

———. “Developing and Managing the Acquisition Workforce,” Office of Federal Procurement Policy Letter 05-01, Washington, D.C., April 15, 2005.

———. Federal Source Code Policy: Achieving Efficiency, Transparency, and Innovation through Reusable and Open Source Software, memorandum for Chief Information Officers M-16-21, Washington, D.C., August 8, 2016.

———. FY2007 Exhibit 300 Preparation Checklist. Washington, D.C.: March 8, 2005.

———. Guidelines and Discount Rates for Benefit-Cost Analysis of Federal Programs, Circular No. A-94 Revised. Washington, D.C.: October 29, 1992.

———. Guidelines for Ensuring and Maximizing the Quality, Objectivity, Utility, and Integrity of Information Disseminated by Federal Agencies; Notice; Republication. Part IX. Washington, D.C.: February 22, 2002.

———. “Improving Information Technology Project Planning and Execution,” memorandum for Chief Information Officers M 05-23, Washington, D.C., August 4, 2005.

———. Management of Federal Information Resources, Circular A-130. Washington, D.C.: July 27, 2016.

———. Major Systems Acquisitions, Circular A-109. Washington, D.C.: Apr. 5, 1976.

———. The President’s Management Agenda. Washington, D.C.: 2002.

Park, Robert E. Checklists and Criteria for Evaluating the Cost and Schedule Estimating Capabilities of Software Organizations. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Software Engineering Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 1995.

Phelan, Pat. Estimating Time and Cost of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Implementation Projects Is a 10-Step Process. Stamford, Conn.: Gartner Inc., April 27, 2006.

Performance Management-Civilian Agency/Industry Working Group. Civilian Agency Reciprocity for Contractors EVMS Acceptance. n.p.: May 29, 2008.

Project Management Institute, Inc. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Sixth Edition, 2018. PMBOK is a trademark of Project Management Institute, Inc.

———. Practice Standard for Work Breakdown Structures, Second Edition, 2006.

———. Practice Standard for Earned Value Management, Second Edition, 2011.

———. “Pulse of the Profession 2018” (2018).

Price, Rick. The Missing Link: Schedule Margin Management. n.p.: n.p., May, 2008.

PRICE Systems. The Promise of Enterprise Resource Planning. Mount Laurel, N.J.: 2004

RAND. Impossible Certainty: Cost Risk Analysis for Air Force Systems. Arlington, Va.: 2006.

———. Toward a Cost Risk Estimating Policy. Williamsburg, Va.: February 17, 2005.

Remez, Shereen G., and Daryl W White. Return on Investment (ROI) and the Value Puzzle. Washington, D.C.: Capital Planning and Information Technology Investment Committee, Federal Chief Information Officer Council, April 1999.

Reifer, Donald J. Poor Man’s Guide to Estimating Software Costs. Torrance, Calif.: Reifer Consultants, June 2005.

SAE International. Earned Value Management Systems EIA748D. Warrendale, Pa.: SAE, 2019.

SAVI. “Exponential Growth of System.”, AVSI, January 2020.

Scaparro, John. “NAVAIR Integration Project Management Brief to U.S. Government Accountability Office”. Pax River, Md.: Naval Air Systems Command, April 19, 2007.

Seaver, David P. Estimates for Enterprise Resource Planning Systems, PRICE Systems, Mount Laurel, N.J.: n.d.

SEI. SEI Research Combats Mounting Acquisition Costs, SEI. Oaks, PA.: April 9, 2018.

Slater, Derek. “Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Software Packages Promise Great Benefits, but Exactly How Much Will You Have to Pay to Get Them?” CIO Enterprise Magazine, January 15, 1998, p. 22.

Smith, Alfred. Examination of Functional Correlation. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Tecolote Research, June 2007.

———, and Shu-Ping Hu. Common Errors When Using Risk Simulation Tools. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Tecolote Research. June 2005.

———. Cost Risk Analysis Made Simple. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Tecolote Research, September 2004.

———. Impact of Correlating CER Risk Distributions on a Realistic Cost Model. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Tecolote Research. June 2003.

Summerville, Jessica R. Improvement Curves: How to Account for Cost Improvement. Chantilly, Va.: Northrop Grumman, The Analytical Sciences Corporation, 2005.

USAF (United States Air Force). Air Force Handbook of Cost Uncertainty and Risk Analysis. Arlington, Va.: August 28, 2013.

———, Air Force Cost Analysis Agency. Cost Risk and Uncertainty Analysis Handbook. Arlington, Va.: August 28, 2013.

———, Air Force Cost Analysis Agency. Decision Support for the Program Manager. Arlington, Va.: n.d.

———, Air Force Cost Analysis Agency. Pre-Award IBRs. Arlington, Va.: September 7, 2006.

———, Air Force Cost Analysis Agency. Raytheon Missile System EVMS Validation Review. Arlington, Va.: April 18, 2008.

———, Air Force Cost Analysis Agency. Risk and Estimate Quality Issues. Arlington, Va.: n.d.

———. Air Force Systems Command. Cost Estimating Handbook. Reading, Mass.: 1987.

———. Condensed GSAM Handbook Checklists. Hill Air Force Base, Utah: February 2003.

———. Cost Analysis Guidance and Procedures, Air Force Instruction 65-508. Washington, D.C.: October 1, 1997.

———. Cost Risk Analysis: Need-to-Know for Evaluations and Budgetary Decisions. Arlington, Va.: Government-Industry Space Council, June 2008.

———. Costing ERP in the Department of Defense. Washington, D.C.: June 2008.

———. “CrossTalk”. Hill Air Force Base, Utah: June-December 2002.

———. Economic Analysis, Air Force Instruction 65-506. Washington, D.C.: November 10, 2004.

———. Forecasting the Future with EVMS. Arlington, Va.: n.d.

———. Guidelines for Successful Acquisition and Management of Software Intensive Systems. Hill Air Force Base, Utah: February 2003.

———. Myths of EVM. Arlington, Va.: May 11, 2005.

United States Army. Cost Guide Manual. Washington, D.C.: May 2002.

———, Environmental Center. Methodology for Developing Environmental Quality Requirements for a Cost Analysis Requirements Description. Aberdeen, Md.: November 2001.

VA (Veterans Administration). Individual VAMC Pricing Guides. VISN. Washington, D.C.: July 2007.

Visiticion, Margo. Debunking Commonly Held EVM Myths. n.p.: n.p., September 2007.

Wideman, Max R. “A Pragmatic Approach to Using Resource Loading, Production, and Learning Curves on Construction Projects.” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 21 (1994): 939-53.

Wiley, David. Software Cost Estimating: Techniques for Estimating in a Software Development Environment. Chantilly, Va.: Northrop Grumman and Analytical Sciences Corp., 2005.

Wilkens, Tammo T. Earned Value Clear and Simple. Bala Cynwyd, Pa.: Primavera Systems, April 1, 1999.

Wright, R., J. Comer, and Justin Morris. Enhancing Remediation Project Credibility with Defensible and Documented Cost Estimates. N.p.: n.d.

Wright, T. P. “Factors Affecting the Cost of Airplanes,” Journal of Aeronautical Science 3:4 (1936): 122-28; reprinted in International Library of Critical Writings in Economics 128:3 (2001): 75-81.

Zubrow, Dave. Earned Value Management: Basic Concepts. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute, 2002.

———. Implementing Earned Value Management to Manage Program Risk. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute, 2002.

Zubrow, David, Robert Stoddard, Ipek Ozkaya, William Novak. “SEI Research Combats Mounting Acquisition Costs.” Software Engineering Institute 2017 Year in Review. 2017: 12.